Exam: Cambridge English: C1 Advanced (CAE)

Definition: A tool used to measure how easily something can be penetrated, often used for testing the firmness of materials like soil or the strength of radiation.

Example: The engineer used a penetrometer to assess the soil's stability before construction.

Definition: Describing something that has a tuft or cluster of fine hairs or filaments, similar to those found on certain plants or insects.

Example: The caterpillar was penicillate, with soft, fine hairs covering its body.

Definition: A type of antibiotic that is used to treat infections caused by bacteria. It is derived from a mold and is effective against certain types of bacteria.

Example: The doctor prescribed penicillin to help fight the infection.

Definition: A type of enzyme made by some bacteria that breaks down penicillin, making it ineffective. This enzyme is important in medicine, especially for treating penicillin allergies.

Example: The doctor explained that the infection was resistant to treatment because the bacteria produced penicillinase.

Definition: The state of feeling sorry for something wrong that you have done and wanting to make it right.

Example: After realizing his mistake, he felt a deep sense of penitence and sought forgiveness.

Definition: Feeling or showing regret for wrongdoing or sin.

Example: After realizing his mistake, he felt penitent and sought forgiveness.

Definition: A person who feels sorry for their wrong actions and seeks forgiveness or makes amends.

Example: The penitent approached the priest to confess their mistakes and seek guidance.

Definition: Relating to the act of showing sorrow or regret for wrongdoing, often in a religious context.

Example: The priest offered a penitential prayer during the service to encourage the congregation to reflect on their actions.

Definition: A book or collection of guidelines used in a religious context that relates to the act of expressing sorrow for sins and seeking forgiveness.

Example: The priest referred to the penitential to guide the congregation on the sacrament of penance.

Definition: In a way that shows regret or sorrow for wrongdoing.

Example: He spoke penitentially, expressing his deep remorse for his actions.

Definition: Relating to a place where criminals are punished and reformed, often through imprisonment.

Example: The penitentiary system aims to rehabilitate offenders rather than just punish them.

Definition: A place where people are kept as punishment for committing serious crimes.

Example: The judge sentenced him to five years in a penitentiary for his actions.

Definition: A person who studies or specializes in the field of penology, which is the study of prisons and the treatment of offenders.

Example: The penologist presented her research on rehabilitation methods at the conference.