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Exam: TOEFL

pentose

IPA: /ˈpɛn.toʊs/

KK: /ˈpɛnˌtoʊs/

noun

Definition: A type of simple sugar that has five carbon atoms in its structure, including sugars like ribose.

Example: Ribose is an important pentose sugar found in RNA.

pentoxide

IPA: //ˈpɛntaɪˌsaɪd//

KK: /pɛnˈtɒksaɪd/

noun

Definition: A chemical compound that consists of five oxygen atoms bonded to another element or group.

Example: Pentoxide is often used in various chemical reactions and processes.

penultimately

IPA: /pɛnˈʌltɪmətli/

KK: /pɛnˈʌltɪmətli/

adverb

Definition: Referring to the second to last item in a sequence or list.

Example: In the penultimate chapter of the book, the main character faces a crucial decision.

penumbra

IPA: /pəˈnʌmbrə/

KK: /pəˈnʌmbrə/

noun

Definition: A partial shadow that occurs during an eclipse, where there is a mix of light and dark, or an area where something exists to a lesser degree.

Example: During the solar eclipse, the moon created a penumbra that cast a partial shadow on the Earth.

penumbral

IPA: /pəˈnʌmbrəl/

KK: /pəˈnʌm brəl/

adjective

Definition: Relating to the outer part of a shadow, especially during an eclipse, where the light is partially blocked.

Example: During the lunar eclipse, the moon passed through the penumbral shadow, creating a subtle shading effect.

penurious

IPA: /pəˈnjʊəriəs/

KK: /pəˈnʊr.i.əs/

adjective

Definition: Describing someone who is very poor or unwilling to spend money; often associated with extreme frugality or stinginess.

Example: Despite his wealth, he was known for his penurious habits, rarely spending on anything unnecessary.

penuriously

IPA: /pəˈnjʊəriəsli/

KK: /pəˈnʊrɪəsli/

adverb

Definition: In a way that shows extreme poverty or lack of resources.

Example: He lived penuriously, always counting every penny and avoiding unnecessary expenses.

penuriousness

IPA: /pəˈnjʊəriəsnəs/

KK: /pəˈnʊr.i.əs.nəs/

noun

Definition: The state of being very poor or stingy, often characterized by extreme frugality or unwillingness to spend money.

Example: His penuriousness made it difficult for him to enjoy life, as he always worried about spending even a little money.

penury

IPA: /ˈpɛn.jʊ.ri/

KK: /ˈpɛn.jʊ.ri/

noun

Definition: A state of extreme poverty or lack of resources, especially money.

Example: After losing his job, he found himself living in penury.

peon

IPA: /ˈpiːɒn/

KK: /ˈpiːɒn/

noun

Definition: A person who does low-level or unskilled work, often in a labor-intensive job, and may be bound to serve a landlord or employer.

Example: The company hired several peons to help with the manual labor on the construction site.

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