Exam: TOEFL

Definition: A spice made from the dried berries of certain plants, often used to add flavor to food. It can also refer to the plant itself that produces these berries.

Example: I like to add black pepper to my pasta for extra flavor.

Definition: To add spice or flavor to food by sprinkling it with a seasoning made from dried and ground peppercorns, or to make something more lively or interesting by adding various elements.

Example: She decided to pepper the soup with some black pepper for extra flavor.

Definition: More lively and energetic than something else.

Example: She felt peppier after her morning coffee.

Definition: A type of enzyme in the stomach that helps break down proteins into smaller pieces called peptides.

Example: Pepsin is essential for digesting the proteins in the food we eat.

Definition: A substance produced in the stomach that is changed into an active enzyme called pepsin when it comes into contact with stomach acid.

Example: Pepsinogen is secreted by the stomach lining and is essential for digesting proteins.

Definition: Related to the process of digestion or the digestive system, often involving digestive juices or enzymes.

Example: The doctor diagnosed her with a peptic ulcer, which is a sore in the stomach lining.

Definition: A substance that helps with digestion, particularly in breaking down food in the stomach.

Example: The doctor recommended a peptic to aid in my digestion after meals.

Definition: A small chain of amino acids that are linked together, which can be formed from proteins during digestion or other processes.

Example: The scientist studied the effects of different peptids on muscle growth.

Definition: A type of enzyme that helps break down proteins into smaller parts called amino acids by cutting the bonds between them.

Example: Peptidases play a crucial role in digestion by breaking down dietary proteins.

Definition: A type of compound made up of two or more amino acids that are connected together. These compounds can be found in nature or made artificially and are important in biology.

Example: Insulin is a peptide that helps regulate blood sugar levels in the body.

Definition: A substance that makes up the cell walls of certain bacteria, consisting of sugar and protein chains that form a strong structure.

Example: Peptidoglycan provides structural support to bacterial cells, helping them maintain their shape.

Definition: A type of protein that has been broken down into smaller parts, which can dissolve in water. It is often used in laboratory cultures to help grow bacteria.

Example: The scientist added peptone to the culture medium to provide nutrients for the bacteria.