Exam: Cambridge English: C1 Advanced (CAE)

Definition: A large object in space that is forming into a planet, created from smaller pieces that come together due to gravity.

Example: Scientists believe that protoplanets play a crucial role in the formation of solar systems.

Definition: Relating to the early stage of a planet's formation, before it becomes a fully developed planet.

Example: Scientists study protoplanetary disks to understand how planets form.

Definition: A clear, jelly-like substance found inside living cells that contains various components necessary for life, including the nucleus and cytoplasm.

Example: Under the microscope, we could see the protoplasm of the cell moving and changing shape.

Definition: Relating to the living substance within a cell, which includes the cytoplasm and nucleus.

Example: The scientist studied the protoplasmic structure of the cell under a microscope.

Definition: A living cell or the material inside a cell, especially in plants, after its outer wall has been taken away.

Example: The scientist studied the protoplast to understand how plant cells function without their walls.

Definition: A type of organic compound that is important in biology, particularly in the formation of heme, which is found in hemoglobin and myoglobin.

Example: Protoporphyrin plays a crucial role in the production of hemoglobin in red blood cells.

Definition: A cloud of gas and dust in space that is forming into a star and has not yet started nuclear fusion.

Example: Astronomers study protostars to understand how stars are born.

Definition: A type of animal in which the mouth develops from the first opening in the embryo, including groups like mollusks and arthropods.

Example: Mollusks and arthropods are examples of protostomes.

Definition: A type of microorganism that can create its own nutrients from non-organic substances.

Example: The prototroph can thrive in environments where organic nutrients are scarce.

Definition: Describing organisms that can synthesize all the compounds they need for growth from basic nutrients, similar to their natural form.

Example: The prototrophic strain of bacteria can thrive in minimal media without additional nutrients.