Exam: TOEFL

Definition: A type of organic compound that often has a bitter taste and contains nitrogen. These compounds are usually found in plants and can have strong effects on the body, sometimes being used for medicine or having toxic properties.

Example: Caffeine is a well-known alkaloid found in coffee and tea.

Definition: Relating to a group of natural compounds that often have strong effects on living organisms, commonly found in plants.

Example: The researchers studied the alkaloidal properties of the plant extracts.

Definition: A medical condition where the body's fluids have too much alkalinity, meaning they are less acidic than normal.

Example: The patient was diagnosed with alkalosis after the blood tests showed elevated pH levels.

Definition: Relating to a condition in the body where there is too much base (alkali) and not enough acid, which can affect the balance of fluids and electrolytes.

Example: The patient was diagnosed with an alkalotic condition due to excessive vomiting.

Definition: A type of chemical compound that consists only of carbon and hydrogen atoms, where the carbon atoms are connected by single bonds. These compounds are saturated, meaning they contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible for the number of carbon atoms.

Example: Methane is the simplest alkane, consisting of one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms.

Definition: A type of chemical compound that consists of carbon and hydrogen atoms, characterized by having at least one double bond between carbon atoms. These compounds are part of a larger group of hydrocarbons and are known for being unsaturated.

Example: Ethylene is the simplest alkene, consisting of two carbon atoms connected by a double bond.

Definition: A type of chemical compound that consists of carbon and hydrogen, characterized by having at least one triple bond between carbon atoms.

Example: Acetylene is the simplest alkyne, consisting of two carbon atoms connected by a triple bond.

Definition: A thin, membranous sac that forms in the embryos of mammals, birds, and reptiles. It plays a key role in developing the umbilical cord and placenta in mammals.

Example: The allantois plays a crucial role in the development of the embryo by facilitating nutrient and waste exchange.

Definition: To calm someone down or make their worries less intense; to reduce something that is causing discomfort or pain.

Example: The doctor tried to allay the patient's concerns about the surgery.

Definition: To claim that something is true, often without providing proof or evidence.

Example: The lawyer alleges that her client was wrongfully accused.