Exam: IELTS

Definition: Having a strong desire to get back at someone or to cause them pain, often because of a perceived wrong.

Example: Her vindictive behavior made it difficult for her to maintain friendships.

Definition: In a way that shows a desire for revenge or to hurt someone because of a perceived wrong.

Example: She acted vindictively after being insulted by her colleague.

Definition: A strong desire to get back at someone or to seek revenge, often in a harmful way.

Example: Her vindictiveness made it difficult for her to maintain friendships.

Definition: The practice of growing grapevines for the purpose of making wine.

Example: Viniculture is essential for producing high-quality wines.

Definition: The process of making wine from grapes or other fruits by fermentation.

Example: The vinification of the grapes took several weeks to complete.

Definition: To change grape juice into wine through fermentation.

Example: The winemaker will vinify the grapes to create a rich red wine.

Definition: A type of alcoholic beverage made from fermented grapes or other fruits.

Example: They enjoyed a glass of red vino with their dinner.

Definition: Relating to or resembling wine, especially in color or effects.

Example: The vinous aroma filled the room as the wine was poured into the glasses.

Definition: Describing something that is classic, high quality, and often from a previous time, especially in terms of style or design.

Example: She wore a vintage dress that reminded everyone of the 1960s.

Definition: A term used to describe a particular year or period when something was made, especially in relation to wine or collectible items, often indicating quality or style.

Example: The vintage of this wine is 2015, which is known for its excellent flavor.

Definition: A type of stringed instrument that was popular in the 16th and 17th centuries, played with a bow and characterized by its fretted fingerboard and flat back.

Example: The musician played a beautiful melody on the viol during the concert.