Exam: Cambridge English: C1 Advanced (CAE)

Definition: A substance in the body that is inactive until it is converted into plasmin, which helps break down blood clots.

Example: Plasminogen is essential for the process of clot breakdown in the body.

Definition: A type of organism that can be a parasite causing malaria or a stage in the life cycle of slime molds, characterized by a mass of cytoplasm with multiple nuclei.

Example: The doctor explained that plasmodium is responsible for the spread of malaria in tropical regions.

Definition: The process where the cytoplasm of two or more cells merges together without the nuclei combining, often seen in certain fungi.

Example: In some fungi, plasmogamy occurs before the nuclei fuse, leading to a unique reproductive cycle.

Definition: A region of ionized gas that is contained and stabilized by a magnetic field.

Example: The scientist studied the plasmoid to understand its behavior in the laboratory.

Definition: The process where the protoplasm of a cell shrinks away from its cell wall due to loss of water, often occurring in plant cells when they lose water through osmosis.

Example: During the experiment, we observed plasmolysis in the plant cells when they were placed in a salt solution.

Definition: To undergo a process where a cell loses water and shrinks due to being placed in a hypertonic solution.

Example: When the plant cells were exposed to salt water, they began to plasmolyze, causing the leaves to wilt.

Definition: To cause a cell to lose water and shrink due to the surrounding solution having a higher concentration of solutes.

Example: When the plant cells were placed in a salty solution, they began to plasmolyze and lose their shape.

Definition: A type of collective oscillation of free electrons in a material, often associated with light and electromagnetic waves.

Example: The researchers studied the behavior of plasmons in metallic nanostructures.

Definition: In a way that relates to or resembles plastic, often referring to flexibility or adaptability.

Example: The artist shaped the clay plastically, allowing it to take on various forms.

Definition: The ability of a material to change its shape or size permanently when a force is applied to it.

Example: The plasticity of clay makes it easy to shape into different forms.

Definition: The process of making a material flexible or moldable, often used in manufacturing and materials science.

Example: The plasticization of the polymer improved its flexibility and durability.