Exam: Cambridge English: C1 Advanced (CAE)

Definition: Describing someone who is very poor or unwilling to spend money; often associated with extreme frugality or stinginess.

Example: Despite his wealth, he was known for his penurious habits, rarely spending on anything unnecessary.

Definition: In a way that shows extreme poverty or lack of resources.

Example: He lived penuriously, always counting every penny and avoiding unnecessary expenses.

Definition: The state of being very poor or stingy, often characterized by extreme frugality or unwillingness to spend money.

Example: His penuriousness made it difficult for him to enjoy life, as he always worried about spending even a little money.

Definition: A state of extreme poverty or lack of resources, especially money.

Example: After losing his job, he found himself living in penury.

Definition: A substance produced in the stomach that is changed into an active enzyme called pepsin when it comes into contact with stomach acid.

Example: Pepsinogen is secreted by the stomach lining and is essential for digesting proteins.

Definition: A small chain of amino acids that are linked together, which can be formed from proteins during digestion or other processes.

Example: The scientist studied the effects of different peptids on muscle growth.

Definition: A type of enzyme that helps break down proteins into smaller parts called amino acids by cutting the bonds between them.

Example: Peptidases play a crucial role in digestion by breaking down dietary proteins.

Definition: A type of compound made up of two or more amino acids that are connected together. These compounds can be found in nature or made artificially and are important in biology.

Example: Insulin is a peptide that helps regulate blood sugar levels in the body.

Definition: Relating to or made up of small chains of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins.

Example: The scientist studied the peptidic bonds that hold the protein structure together.

Definition: A substance that makes up the cell walls of certain bacteria, consisting of sugar and protein chains that form a strong structure.

Example: Peptidoglycan provides structural support to bacterial cells, helping them maintain their shape.