Exam: Cambridge English: C2 Proficiency (CPE)

Definition: A type of poem or song that expresses sadness or grief, especially for someone who has died.

Example: The threnody moved everyone to tears as it beautifully captured the sorrow of loss.

Definition: A small, sac-like structure found in the chloroplasts of plant cells that plays a key role in photosynthesis by containing chlorophyll and other pigments.

Example: The thylakoid membranes are essential for the process of photosynthesis in plants.

Definition: A hormone produced by the thyroid gland that helps regulate calcium levels in the blood.

Example: Thyrocalcitonin plays a crucial role in lowering blood calcium levels.

Definition: A sound unit in some languages that changes the meaning of a word based on pitch or tone.

Example: In Mandarin, the meaning of a word can change completely depending on the toneme used.

Definition: A membrane that surrounds a vacuole in a plant cell, helping to control what enters and leaves the vacuole.

Example: The tonoplast plays a crucial role in maintaining the cell's internal environment.

Definition: A row of icons on a computer screen that allows users to quickly access commands or functions by clicking on them.

Example: You can find the save button on the toolbar at the top of the screen.

Definition: Relating to wrongful acts that cause harm or injury to someone, for which a legal remedy may be sought.

Example: The lawyer specialized in tortious claims against negligent companies.

Definition: Relating to a system of government where the state holds total control over all aspects of life, and individual freedoms are greatly restricted.

Example: In a totalitarian state, citizens often have little to no freedom of expression.

Definition: A person who supports or practices a system of government where the state has complete control over all aspects of life and individual freedoms are limited.

Example: The totalitarian imposed strict rules that controlled every part of citizens' lives.

Definition: A flat surface that detects finger movement and is used to control a computer's cursor, often found on laptops instead of a mouse.

Example: I prefer using the touchpad on my laptop rather than a mouse.

Definition: Relating to the study of the effects of poisons and harmful substances on living organisms.

Example: The toxicologic analysis revealed the presence of harmful chemicals in the water supply.