Definition: A group of merchants or traders in the Middle Ages who worked together to protect their interests and promote trade.

Example: The Hanse was an important organization for merchants in northern Europe during the medieval period.

Definition: A type of hard biscuit or bread made from flour and water, often used as a long-lasting food for sailors and soldiers.

Example: Sailors often relied on hardtack as a staple food during long voyages at sea.

Definition: A living space or area in a Muslim household reserved for women, including wives, concubines, and female relatives.

Example: In ancient times, a wealthy man might have a harem filled with women who were part of his family or his partners.

Definition: Describing a place that is visited by ghosts or spirits, or someone who is troubled by memories or thoughts.

Example: The old house was said to be haunted by the ghost of its former owner.

Definition: A person who carries out executions by beheading, often in a public setting.

Example: The headsman stood ready to perform the execution in front of the gathered crowd.

Definition: A stone that marks the head of a grave, often inscribed with the name of the deceased and other details.

Example: The family visited the cemetery to clean the headstone of their loved one.

Definition: A very large sacrifice or killing, especially of animals, often used in ancient rituals.

Example: The ancient festival included a hecatomb to honor the gods with a grand sacrifice.

Definition: A journey taken to escape from danger or an undesirable situation, often associated with the flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in 622 A.D.

Example: The refugees undertook a hegira to find safety from the conflict in their homeland.

Definition: A leader or head of a monastery in the Eastern Orthodox or Eastern Catholic Churches.

Example: The hegumen guided the monks in their daily prayers and activities.

Definition: The process of adopting or being influenced by Greek culture, ideas, or practices.

Example: The Hellenization of the region led to the spread of Greek philosophy and art.