Exam: Cambridge English: C2 Proficiency (CPE)

Definition: A statement expressing sadness or a complaint about something.

Example: Her plaint about the unfair treatment was heard by the manager.

Definition: A person who starts a legal case against someone in court.

Example: The plaintiff presented strong evidence to support their claim.

Definition: Relating to the scientific study of planets, including their formation, structure, and processes.

Example: The planetological research conducted by the team provided new insights into the formation of our solar system.

Definition: A thin strand of cytoplasm that connects the living parts of adjacent plant cells through small openings in their cell walls.

Example: Plasmodesmata allow for the transport of nutrients and signals between plant cells.

Definition: The process where the cytoplasm of two or more cells merges together without the nuclei combining, often seen in certain fungi.

Example: In some fungi, plasmogamy occurs before the nuclei fuse, leading to a unique reproductive cycle.

Definition: The process where the protoplasm of a cell shrinks away from its cell wall due to loss of water, often occurring in plant cells when they lose water through osmosis.

Example: During the experiment, we observed plasmolysis in the plant cells when they were placed in a salt solution.

Definition: To undergo a process where a cell loses water and shrinks due to being placed in a hypertonic solution.

Example: When the plant cells were exposed to salt water, they began to plasmolyze, causing the leaves to wilt.

Definition: To cause a cell to lose water and shrink due to the surrounding solution having a higher concentration of solutes.

Example: When the plant cells were placed in a salty solution, they began to plasmolyze and lose their shape.

Definition: A type of protein that contains copper and plays a role in transferring electrons during photosynthesis.

Example: Plastocyanin is essential for the process of photosynthesis in plants.

Definition: Relating to a decorative style of architecture from 16th century Spain that features intricate designs and details, resembling silver plate.

Example: The cathedral was built in the plateresque style, showcasing its beautiful and ornate facades.

Definition: A person who often uses overused or clichéd statements instead of original thoughts.

Example: The speaker was criticized for being a platitudinarian, as he relied on tired phrases instead of offering new ideas.