Exam: Cambridge English: C1 Advanced (CAE)

Definition: The primary tissue in plants that develops into the outer layer, known as the epidermis.

Example: The protoderm is essential for the formation of the plant's protective outer layer.

Definition: Relating to the period of time before written records were kept, often used to describe cultures or societies that existed before historical documentation.

Example: The archaeologists studied protohistoric artifacts to learn about the early inhabitants of the region.

Definition: The study of cultures and societies that existed just before they began to keep written records of their history.

Example: Archaeologists often focus on protohistory to understand the development of early civilizations.

Definition: Relating to early forms of humans or human-like beings that existed in the past.

Example: Scientists discovered protohuman fossils that provide insight into our evolutionary history.

Definition: A type of early human or human-like primate that is considered to be a precursor to modern humans.

Example: Scientists study protohumans to understand the evolution of our species.

Definition: A type of language that is believed to be the early form or ancestor of a group of languages.

Example: Linguists study protolanguages to understand how modern languages evolved.

Definition: A person who is the first to die for a particular cause, especially in a religious context, often referring to Saint Stephen as the first Christian martyr.

Example: Saint Stephen is recognized as the protomartyr of Christianity.

Definition: To add one or more protons to a molecule, ion, or radical, which changes its chemical properties.

Example: In the reaction, the chemist decided to protonate the compound to enhance its reactivity.

Definition: The process of adding a proton to an atom, molecule, or ion, which usually results in the formation of a positively charged ion.

Example: In chemistry, protonation is essential for many reactions, as it can change the properties of a molecule.

Definition: Relating to or made up of protons, which are positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom.

Example: The protonic properties of the element determine its behavior in chemical reactions.

Definition: Relating to the ability to sense basic sensations like pain, pressure, heat, or cold without being able to pinpoint the exact source of the sensation.

Example: The protopathic sensations are important for detecting potential harm to the body.