Exam: Cambridge English: C1 Advanced (CAE)

Definition: A hair or hair-like structure found on the surface of a cell or microorganism.

Example: The bacterium was covered in tiny pili that helped it attach to surfaces.

Definition: Relating to a small gland in the brain that produces hormones, or having a shape similar to a pine cone.

Example: The pineal gland plays a crucial role in regulating sleep patterns.

Definition: The surgical procedure to remove the pineal gland from the brain.

Example: The doctor explained that a pinealectomy might be necessary for certain medical conditions.

Definition: The highest point or peak of something, often used to describe a mountain or a significant achievement.

Example: Reaching the pinnacle of her career, she was recognized as one of the top leaders in her field.

Definition: To place something at the highest point or to provide it with a pointed top.

Example: The architect decided to pinnacle the building with a beautiful spire.

Definition: Relating to the process by which cells take in small particles or liquids from their surroundings.

Example: The pinocytic activity of the cell allows it to absorb nutrients from its environment.

Definition: A process by which cells take in fluids and dissolved substances by folding in their membrane to form small pockets or vesicles.

Example: During pinocytosis, the cell absorbs nutrients from its surroundings by engulfing liquid.

Definition: A type of subatomic particle that is a meson, which can be neutral, positively charged, or negatively charged, and is made of quarks. It has a mass significantly greater than that of an electron and is involved in the strong force that holds atomic nuclei together.

Example: The pion plays a crucial role in mediating the strong force between nucleons in an atomic nucleus.

Definition: The act of being one of the first to explore or develop something new, often involving innovation and leadership in a particular field or area.

Example: Her pioneering in renewable energy technology has inspired many young scientists.

Definition: To be among the first to explore or develop something new.

Example: She is pioneering new methods in renewable energy.

Definition: Showing deep respect for religion and often involved in religious practices; can also refer to someone who is sincere in their beliefs.

Example: She is known for her pious nature, always attending church and helping those in need.

Definition: The state of being deeply religious or devoted to God.

Example: Her piousness was evident in her daily prayers and charitable acts.