Exam: Cambridge English: C2 Proficiency (CPE)

Definition: Having the highest power or authority; independent and self-governing.

Example: The country became a sovereign nation after gaining independence.

Definition: A ruler or monarch who has the highest authority in a country.

Example: The sovereign of the kingdom made an important announcement.

Definition: The authority of a state to govern itself or another state without interference.

Example: The country fought for its sovereignty after years of colonial rule.

Definition: Relating to the measurement of light or other radiation using a device called a spectrometer.

Example: The spectrometric analysis revealed the composition of the unknown substance.

Definition: The study of light and its interaction with matter, often used to analyze the composition of substances by observing their spectra.

Example: Scientists use spectroscopy to identify the chemical makeup of distant stars.

Definition: The process by which male reproductive cells, called sperm, are produced and developed in the male reproductive system.

Example: Spermatogenesis occurs in the testes and involves several stages of cell division and maturation.

Definition: Relating to the early stages of sperm cell development in male organisms.

Example: The spermatogonial cells are crucial for the production of sperm in males.

Definition: A type of cell found in the male reproductive organs that develops into sperm cells.

Example: The spermatogonium undergoes several stages of division to eventually form mature sperm.

Definition: A tool used to measure how curved a surface is, such as that of a sphere or cylinder.

Example: The engineer used a spherometer to check the curvature of the lens.

Definition: A great beauty or impressive appearance that is often associated with richness or grandeur.

Example: The palace was filled with the splendour of golden decorations and luxurious furnishings.

Definition: To rob or take away valuable things from someone, often by force.

Example: The invaders came to spoliate the village, taking everything of value.